Radiocarbon dating, also known as carbon-14 dating, is a method for determining the age of organic materials by measuring the decay of the radioactive isotope carbon-14 (^14C). Developed in the late 1940s by Willard Libby, this technique revolutionized archaeology, geology, and paleontology by allowing precise dating of previously undatable organic specimens up to about 50,000 […]
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Ecology is the scientific study of interactions among organisms and their physical environment. It examines the distribution, abundance, and relationships of living organisms, as well as the processes that govern ecosystems. The discipline bridges biology, environmental science, and earth systems, aiming to understand how life functions, persists, and responds to both natural and anthropogenic changes.
The hydrosphere refers to all the water present on, under, and above the surface of the Earth. This includes oceans, rivers, lakes, groundwater, glaciers, polar ice caps, atmospheric water vapor, and even water contained in living organisms. The hydrosphere plays a crucial role in regulating climate, supporting life, shaping geological features, and driving the water